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नेपालको फुटबल खेलको इतिहास

विश्व परिवेश अंग्रेजी साम्राज्यको विस्तारसँगै फुटबल विश्वभर फैलने क्रममा एसिया र अन्ततः दक्षिण एसियामा आएको देखिन्छ । भारतमा इस्ट इन्डिया कम्पनीले राज्य गरेपछि नेपालमा पनि त्यसकै प्रभावले फुटबल भित्रिएको हो । तिहारताका फालिने भोगटेलाई युवाहरू गुडाउने अथावा हिर्काउने गर्थे । लगभग त्यसरी नै भकुन्डोलाई हिर्काउने खेल नै फुटबल हो भनेर कसैलाई थाहा थिएन । राणाकाल त्यसैका परिवारबाहेक सर्वसाधारण जनताका लागि पढ्ने लेख्ने छुट थिएन । भारत गएर उच्च शिक्षा हासिल गरेर नेपाल छिरेकाहरू सीमित थिए । त्यसैबेला केही जङ्ग थापा र नरसिंह राणाहरू पनि पढ्न भारत गएका थिए । त्यो समय.भारतमा...


अंग्रेजी शासन चलिरहेको थियो । स्कुल र कजेजमा अंग्रेजले आफूसँग ल्याएका खेलहरू पनि समावेश गरे । त्यही समय भारतमा पढेकाले नै पहिलोपल्ट फुटबल खेलेको हुनु पर्छ । कालान्तरमा तिनै थापा र बस्नेतहरूले फुटबललाई नेपालमा पनि ल्याए ।
नेपाली परिवेश
नेपाली फुटबल जन्मदाता नरशम्शेर भनिएता पनि उनीभन्दा पहिले यिनै थापा र बस्नेतलले नेपालमा फुटबल विस्तार गरेको हो । त्यो समय स्पष्ट किटान गर्न नसकिने भएता पनि त्यो कालखण्ड वि. सं. १९७० पछिको हुनु पर्ने अनुमान छ । ठमेलका नारायण नरसिंह राणा र नक्सालका सूर्यजंग थापा त्यो बेला नेपाली फुटबलमा सुनिएका नाम हुन । नरशम्शेरले नेपाली फुटबललाई संस्थागत रूप भने दिएका हुन । उनले आफ्नो आत्मकथामा पनि फुटबल भारतबाटै नेपालमा छिरेको लेखेका छन् । उनले भारतमा अध्ययनका लागि जाने जङ्ग थापा र नरसिंह राणाले नै त्यहाँ सुरुमा फुटबल खेल्न सिकेको र नेपाल र्फकंदा फुटबललाई पनि आफूसँगै ल्याएको उल्लेख गरेका छन् । त्यो समय पनि फुटबल हारजितका लागि खेलिने प्रचलन भने सुरु भएको थिएन । फुटबल राणाका दरबारमा मात्र सीमित थियो । आमनागरिकमा फुटबल पुगेको थिएन । त्यो बेला विषेश गरेर जावलाखेल दरवारको महावीर टिम र चारबुर्जा दरबारको ठमेल टिमबीच खेल हुने गथ्र्यो । यसका लागि एउटा टिमले अर्को टिमलाई निमयन्त्रण पठाउने काम हुन्थ्यो । पछि दरबारबाट संरक्षित टिमका लागि बबरमहल, टंगाल, सिंहदरबार, बहादुर भवन र ठमेलमा फुटबल मैदान पनि बने । सन् १९३० मा जनपक्षीय र र दरबार संरक्षित टिमले साझा रूपमा सिंहदरबार, छाउनी, गौचरण, जावलाखेल र लैनचोरमा फुटबल मैदान बनाएको देखिन्छ ।
इतिहास
साहित्यकार तथा इतिहासकार डायमण्ड शम्शेरका अनुसार दरबारका नातिले बाजेहरू आदेशलाई बेवास्ता गरेर सर्वसाधारणलाई पनि फुटबल खेलाउन सुरु गरे । लगभग त्यही समय नर एघार टिमको जन्म भएको विश्वास छ । सन् १९३४ मा आएर महावीर एघार, एनआरटी एघार, जावलखेल एघार र जनपक्षीय इन्स्टीच्युट एघारजस्ता टिमको स्थापना भयो । त्यसै वर्ष संस्थापगत रूपमा पहिलो फुटबल प्रतियोगिता भएको थियो । त्यसमा १२ टिम सहभागी थिए र त्यसलाई नरशम्शेरको नेतृत्वमा रहेको जावलाखेल क्लबले पहिलो स्थान हात पारेको थियो । प्रतियोगिताको सफल आयोजना भए पनि त्यसलाई विषेश कारणले सरकारी आदेशमा बन्द गरिएपछि दरबारबाहिर पनि गोप्य रूपमा फुटबल भने भइनै रहृयो ।
फुटबल समिति
विवाद, सहभागिता र लोकप्रीयता एकैपल्ट बढ्न थालेपछि सन् १९४७ मा श्री ३ पद्म शम्शेरको आज्ञामा फुटबल समिति गठन भयो । त्यसको अध्यक्ष मदनशम्शेर थिए । त्यही वर्ष राजा त्रिभुवनल फुटबलको संस्थागत विकास होस भनेर त्रिभुवन च्यालेञ्ज शिल्डको स्थापना भयो । हरिहर भवन अगाडिको मैदानमा भएको प्रतियोगितामा नरेश एघार पहिलो र एनआरटी एघार दोस्रो भएको थियो । पद्म शम्शेर पनि त्यही वर्ष रामजानकी कप सुरु गरे । त्यो बेलाको नेपाल पुलिस फोर्स रामजानकी कप लगातार तीन वर्ष जितेर शिल्ड आफ्नो कब्जामा लियो । नेपालमा लिग फुटबल सुरु गर्न अन्ततः त्यही नेपाल पुलिसको पनि ठूलो योगदान रहृयो । उसले नेपाली फुटबललाई निरन्तरता दिन २०११ साल एउटा नयाँ ट्रफी दियो । जुन 'शहीद स्मारक ट्रोफी' थियो र त्यही वर्षदेखि विधिवतः रूपमा शहीद स्मारक लिग फुटबल सुरु भयो । त्यस ट्रफीमा २०११ आश्विन १७ गतेको मिति अंकित छ र अगाडि लेखिएको छ, 'राष्ट्रपिता श्री ५ महाराजाधिराज त्रीभूवन विर विक्रम शाह देवका नेतृत्वमा एकतान्त्रीक शासनको विरुद्धमा विक्रम सम्वत २००७ सालको जनमुक्ति संग्राममा प्राण वलिदान गर्ने अमर शहीदहरूका चिरस्मृतार्थ श्री प्रगोदबा जीवी याकथुम्बा आइजीपी र नेपाल पुलिसका अफिसरहरूले चढाएको श्रदान्जली' ।
लिग फुटबल
नरशम्शेरले नेपाली फुटबललाई विकास गर्ने हो भने लिग फुटबलको आवश्यकतालाई महसुस गरे । नेपाल फुटबल संघको स्थापना चार सालमा नै भइसकेको थियो र उनी नै त्यसका हर्ताकर्ता थिए । तर पहिलो लिग फुटबल सुरु गर्न भने सात वर्ष पर्खिन पर्‍यो । प्रजातन्त्र प्राप्तिका लागि सात सालमा सुरु भएको आन्दोलनले फुटबलमा शिथिलता ल्यायो । आन्दोलन सफल भएपछि फुटबल फेरि लोकपि्रय हुन थाल्यो । फुटबललाई व्यवस्थित र नियमित गर्न २००८ सालमा नेपाल फुटबल संघ गठन भयो । त्यसको सचिव त्रैलोक्यनाथ उप्रेती र कोषाध्यक्षमा जानकीप्रसाद प्रधान दिए । आठ सालमै भएको त्रिभुवन च्यालेञ्ज शिल्ड काठमाडौं बाहिरको जलेश्वर एघारले जित्यो । नौ सालमा बालसखा दलको आयोजनामा देवीमाया मेमोरियल शिल्ड सुरु भयो । राजा महेन्द्रको शुभराज्याभिषेकअघि मात्र त्रिपुरेश्वरमा दशरथ रंगशाला निर्माण भयो । पछि त्यहाँ नै प्रतियोगिताहरू आयोजना हुन थाले । विराटनगरमा ०१८ सालदेखि महेन्द्र गोल्डकप सुरु भयो । त्यस्तै ०२५ देखि नरट्रफीको आयोजना पनि सुरु भयो । उता पहिलो संस्करणको लिग फुटबल महावीर-११ ले जित्न सफल भयो । नेपाल फुटबल संघ अस्तित्वमा रहेसम्म यसको आयोजना १५ पल्ट सम्भव भयो ।
अखिल नेपाल फुटबल संघले भने २०३२ सालयता यसको आयोजना सुरु गरेको हो । पहिलो लिग फुटबलमा कति टिम सहभागी थिए, महावीर-११ का खेलाडी अमृतमान श्रेष्ठलाई सबै राम्रोसँग हेक्का छैन । तर महावीर-११ समेत पुलिस फोर्स, एनआरटी, ठमेल, आरसीटी, पाटन, महाराजगञ्ज, जेएफसी टिमहरूले त्यसमा प्रतिस्पर्धा गरेको उनी बताउँछन् । त्यो समय बलियो टिम भनेको महावीर, पुलिस फोर्स र एनआरटी थिए । महावीरलाई भने कसैले हराउन सकेन । सिंहदरवारको उत्तरमा रहेको 'ब्लेड घर' अगाडीको मैदानमा प्रतियोगिताको आयोजना भएको थियो । 'विलियार्ड घर' नाम रहे पनि सबैले यसलाई ब्लेड घर नै भन्न रुचायो । यो घरबाट नै श्री ५ त्रिभुवन र श्री ५ महेन्द्रलगायत राणाहरूले फुटबल नजर गर्थे । श्री ५ त्रिभुवन फुटबल भने पछि हुरुक्क हुन्थे । अमृतमान श्री ५ त्रिभुवनका पि्रय खेलाडी थिए । वि.सं. २०१३ सालमा प्रकाशनमा आएको 'फुटबल खेल' नामक कितावमा लेखक कृष्णबहादुर बर्मालाई सन्देश पठाउने क्रममा राजा त्रिभुवनले लेखेका छन् । 'सबै नेपाली युवकहरूले आदर्श खेलाडी बनुन र संसारमा नाम कमाउन । त्यो दिन पनि अब चाँडै आउला, जब नेपाली पनि संसारका खेलाडी सरह होलान, नेपाली युवकहरू हो, खेल, नाम कमाउ, योग्य होउ, संसारमा दाँजिने होउ' । महावीरले लिग जितेपछि डिल्लीबजारमा पूरा टिमलाई सिन्दुर जात्रा गरेर स्वागत गरिएको थियो । त्यो समयको डिल्लीबजार ठूलो थियो, त्यसमा अहिलेको बानेश्वर र ज्ञानेश्वर पनि आउँथ्यो । महावीरको खेल हुँदा पूरा डिल्लीबजार सुनसान हुन्थ्यो र टोलीबासी पल्टेर सिंहदरवार पुग्थ्यो । को खेलाडीले कस्तो खेल्यो भनेर पूरा टोलमा चर्चा हुने अमृतमान बताउँछन् । टिमका अन्य सदस्यहरूमा राइट-हाफ कृष्णबहादुर मानन्धर, लेफ्ट-हाफ नारायण बहादुर क्षेत्री, राइट-आउट नातीबाबु (खड्गमान), राइट-इन राधेश्याम श्रेष्ठ, सेन्टर-फर्वाड नरसम्शेर, लेफ्ट-इन तारकसम्सेर थापा, लेफ्ट-आउट रमेशविक्रम शाह, राइट-फुट हरिगोपाल कारञ्जित, लेफ्ट-फुट शेषराज जोशी तथा गोलरक्षकमा कोमलविक्रम शाह थिए । अहिले यस टिमका पाँच सदस्य मात्र जिवित छन् । त्यो समय रेफि्मा नाम चलेका चन्द्रबहादुर बस्नेत थिए । महावीर-११ को स्तरीयतालाई अमृतमान अहिले पनि कतिसम्म गर्व गर्छन भने त्यो टिम विश्वकप खेल्न लायक थियो । महावीरले प्रत्येक खेलको समाप्तीपछि त्यो समय अत्यन्त नाम चलेका धरहरा माइला र तिलहरी माइला दाजुभाईबाट खाजा मगाउँथ्यो ।
शुभ-जन्मोत्सवकप
राष्ट्रिय खेलकुद परिषदले ०३० सालदेखि शुभ-जन्मोत्सवकपको आयोजना गर्‍यो । त्यसको छ वर्षपछि एन्फा कप आमन्त्रण कपका रूपमा विदेशी टिम सहभागी हुने पहिलो प्रतियोगिताको आयोजना पनि सुरु भएको थियो । पहिलो अन्तर्राष्ट्रिय प्रतियोगिताका रूपमा नेपालमा ०३९ सालमा एसियाली युवा फुटबलको समूह एक का खेल भएका थिए । त्यसमा नेपालसहित १३ राष्ट्र सहभागी थिए । सहिद स्मारक लिग वर्ष र विजेताह
टिमहरु 
२०११ महावीर-११,२०१२ नेपाल पुलिस फोर्स-११,२०१३ नेपाल पुलिस फोर्स-११,२०१४ सैनिक-११,२०१७ एनआरटी 'ए',२०१९ एनआरटी 'ए'
२०२० विद्या ब्यायाम,२०२३ महावीर-११,२०२४ फ्रेन्ड्स युनियन क्लब,२०२५ द्यौराली क्लब ठमेल,२०२६ महावीर-११,२०२७ द्यौराली क्लब ठमेल
२०२८ आरसीटी,२०२९ आरसीटी,२०३० आरसीटी,२०३२ ब्वाइज युनियन क्लब,२०३३ सुनाखरी एथलेटिक क्लब,२०३४ अन्नपूर्ण क्लब,२०३५ एनआरटी
२०३६ आरसीटी,२०३८ आरसीटी,२०३९ अन्नपूर्ण,२०४० संकटा क्लब,२०४१ आरसीटी,२०४२ संकटा,२०४३ मनाङ- मर्स्याङ्दी क्लब,२०४४ मनाङ- मर्स्याङ्दी
२०४६ मनाङ- मर्स्याङ्दी,२०५२ एनआरटी,२०५४ थ्रीस्टार क्लब,२०५७ मनाङ- मर्स्याङ्दी,२०६० मनाङ- मर्स्याङ्दी,२०६१ थ्रीस्टार,२०६२ मनाङ- मर्स्याङ्दी
२०६३ नेपाल पुलिस क्लब
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Background

In 1951, the Nepali monarch ended the century-old system of rule by hereditary premiers and instituted a cabinet system of government. Reforms in 1990 established a multiparty democracy within the framework of a constitutional monarchy. An insurgency led by Maoist extremists broke out in 1996. The ensuing 10-year civil war between insurgents and government forces witnessed the dissolution of the cabinet and parliament and assumption of absolute power by the king. Several weeks of mass protests in April 2006 were followed by several months of peace negotiations between the Maoists and government officials, and culminated in a November 2006 peace accord and the promulgation of an interim constitution. Following a nationwide election in April 2008, the newly formed Constituent Assembly (CA) declared Nepal a federal democratic republic and abolished the monarchy at its first meeting the following month. The CA elected the country's first president in July. Between 2008 and 2011 there have been four different coalition governments, led twice by the United Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist, which received a plurality of votes in the Constituent Assembly election, and twice by the Communist Party of Nepal-United Marxist-Leninist. In August 2011, Baburam BHATTARAI of the United Communist Party of Nepal (Maoaist) became prime minister. After the CA failed to draft a constitution by the May 2012 deadline, BHATTARAI dissolved the CA and called for new elections. Months of negotiations failed to produce a new election date. Finally, in March of 2013, the chief justice of Nepal's Supreme Court, Khil Raj REGMI, was sworn in as Chairman of the Interim Council of Ministers for Elections to lead an interim government and charged with holding Constituent Assembly elections by December 2013.

Geography

Landlocked; strategic location between China and India; contains eight of world's 10 highest peaks, including Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga - the world's tallest and third tallest - on the borders with China and India respectively Location: Southern Asia, between China and India Geographic coordinates: 28 00 N, 84 00 E Area: total: 147,181 sq km land: 143,351 sq km water: 3,830 sq km Size comparison: slightly larger than Arkansas Land Boundaries: total: 2,926 km border countries: China 1,236 km, India 1,690 km Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) Maritime claims: none (landlocked) Climate: varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south Terrain: Tarai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south, central hill region, rugged Himalayas in north Elevation extremes: lowest point: Kanchan Kalan 70 m highest point: Mount Everest 8,850 m (highest point in Asia) Natural resources: quartz, water, timber, hydropower, scenic beauty, small deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore Land use: arable land: 16.07% permanent crops: 0.85% other: 83.08% (2005) Irrigated land: 11,680 sq km (2003) Natural hazards: severe thunderstorms; flooding; landslides; drought and famine depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the summer monsoons Current Environment Issues: deforestation (overuse of wood for fuel and lack of alternatives); contaminated water (with human and animal wastes, agricultural runoff, and industrial effluents); wildlife conservation; vehicular emissions International Environment Agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation.

People

Population: 30,430,267 (July 2013 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 32.6% (male 5,045,989/female 4,859,274) 15-24 years: 22.6% (male 3,444,428/female 3,431,127) 25-54 years: 34.9% (male 5,015,145/female 5,593,248) 55-64 years: 5.5% (male 820,014/female 860,439) 65 years and over: 4.5% (male 630,853/female 729,750) (2013 est.) population pyramid: Median age: total: 22.1 years male: 21.2 years female: 22.9 years (2012 est.) Population growth rate: 1.768% (2012 est.) Birth rate: 21.85 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) Death rate: 6.75 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) Net migration rate: 2.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2011 est.) Infant mortality rate: total: 43.13 deaths/1,000 live births male: 43.15 deaths/1,000 live births female: 43.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 66.51 years male: 65.26 years female: 67.82 years (2012 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.36 children born/woman (2013 est.) HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.4% (2009 est.) HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 64,000 (2009 est.) HIV/AIDS - deaths: 4,700 (2009 est.) Nationality: noun: Nepali (singular and plural) adjective: Nepali Ethnic groups: Chhettri 15.5%, Brahman-Hill 12.5%, Magar 7%, Tharu 6.6%, Tamang 5.5%, Newar 5.4%, Muslim 4.2%, Kami 3.9%, Yadav 3.9%, other 32.7%, unspecified 2.8% (2001 census) Religions: Hindu 80.6%, Buddhist 10.7%, Muslim 4.2%, Kirant 3.6%, other 0.9% (2001 census) Languages: Nepali (official) 47.8%, Maithali 12.1%, Bhojpuri 7.4%, Tharu (Dagaura/Rana) 5.8%, Tamang 5.1%, Newar 3.6%, Magar 3.3%, Awadhi 2.4%, other 10%, unspecified 2.5% (2001 census) note: many in government and business also speak English (2001 est.) Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 60.3% male: 73% female: 48.3% (2010 census).

Government

Country name: conventional long form: Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal conventional short form: Nepal local long form: Sanghiya Loktantrik Ganatantra Nepal local short form: Nepal Government type: federal democratic republic Capital: name: Kathmandu geographic coordinates: 27 43 N, 85 19 E time difference: UTC+5.75 (10.75 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) Administrative divisions: 14 zones (anchal, singular and plural); Bagmati, Bheri, Dhawalagiri, Gandaki, Janakpur, Karnali, Kosi, Lumbini, Mahakali, Mechi, Narayani, Rapti, Sagarmatha, Seti Independence: 1768 (unified by Prithvi Narayan SHAH) National holiday: Republic Day, 29 May Constitution: 15 January 2007 (interim Constitution); note - in April 2008, the Constituent Assembly (CA) was elected as an interim parliament to draft and promulgate a new constitution by May 2010; the deadline was extended four times, mostly recently until May 2012 when the CA was dissolved without completing a new constitution Legal system: English common law and Hindu legal concepts Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: chief of state: President Ram Baran YADAV (since 23 July 2008); Vice President Paramananda JHA (since 23 July 2008) head of government: note: on 14 March 2013, the chief justice of Nepal's Supreme Court, Khil Raj REGMI, was sworn in as Chairman of the Interim Council of Ministers for Elections to lead an interim government and charged with holding Constituent Assembly elections by December 2013 cabinet: cabinet was formed in August-September 2011 by a majority coalition made up of the United Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist, Madhesi People's Rights Forum-Democratic, Madhesi People's Rights Forum-Republic, Madhesi People's Rights Forum-Nepal, Terai-Madhes Democratic Party, and several smaller parties (For more information visit the World Leaders website ) elections: president elected by Parliament; term extends until the new constitution is promulgated; president elected on 21 July 2008; date of next election NA election results: Ram Baran YADAV elected president by the Constituent Assembly in a second round of voting on 21 July 2008; Ram Baran YADAV 308, Ram Jaja Prasad SINGH 282 Legislative branch: note: in May 2012 Prime Minister Baburam BHATTARAI dissolved the previous unicameral Constituent Assembly unicameral Constituent Assembly (601 seats; 240 members elected by direct popular vote, 335 by proportional representation, and 26 appointed by the Cabinet (Council of Ministers) elections: last held on 10 April 2008; note - the Constituent Assembly failed to draft a new constitution by the 27 May 2012 deadline; as of early 2013, the parties were in negotiations to hold elections for a new Constituent Assembly election results: percent of vote by party - CPN-M 38%, NC 19%, CPN-UML 18%, Madhesi People's Right Forum 9%, other 11%; seats by party - CPN-M 229, NC 115, CPN-UML 108, Madhesi People's Rights Forum 54, Terai Madhes Democratic Party 21, other smaller parties 74; note - 26 seats filled by the new Cabinet are included in the totals above Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Sarbochha Adalat (the president appoints the chief justice on recommendation of the Constitutional Council; the chief justice appoints other judges on the recommendation of the Judicial Council) Political parties and leaders: Chure Bhawar Rastriya Ekata Party [Himalaya Bhakta PRADHANGA]; Communist Party of Nepal-Marxist Leninist or CPN-ML [C.P. MAINALI]; Communist Party of Nepal-Marxist Leninist Samaibadi [Jaqat Bahadur BOGATI]; Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist [Mohan BAIDYA, also known as KIRAN]; Communist Party of Nepal-Unified [Raj Singh SHRIS]; Communist Party of Nepal-United [Chandra Dev JOSHI]; Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist-Leninist or CPN-UML [Jhalanath KHANAL]; Dalit Janajati Party [Vishwendraman PASHWAN]; Federal Democratic National Forum [Khagendra MAKHAIM]; Federal Democratic National Forum - Tharuhat [Rukmini CHAUDHARY]; Federal Democratic National Party [Ravindra THING]; Federal Socialist Party [Ashok RAI]; Federal Sadbhayana Party [Anil JHAL]; Janta Dal United [Biswonath Prasad AGRAWAL]; Madhesi People's Rights Forum-Democratic [Bijay Kumar GACHHADAR]; Madhesi People's Rights Forum-Nepal [Upendra YADAV]; Madhesi People's Rights Forum-Republic [Raj Kishore YADAV]; National Madhes Socialist Party [Sharat Singh BHANDARI]; Nepal Loktantrik Samajbadi Dal [Laxmi Lal CHAUDBARY]; Nepal Pariwar Dal [Eknath DHAKAL]; Nepal Workers and Peasants Party [Narayan Man BIJUKCHHE]; Nepali Congress or NC [Sushil KOIRALA]; Nepali Janata Dal [Hari Charan SAH]; Newa Rastriya Party [Keshav Man SHAKYA]; Rastriya Janamorcha [Chitra Bahadur K.C.]; Rastriya Janamukti Party [Malwar Singh THAPA]; Rastriya Janashakti Party or RJP [Surya Bahadur THAPA]; Rastriya Prajantantra Party [Pashupati Shumsher RANA]; Rastriya Prajantantra Party Nepal [Kamal THAPA]; Sadbhavana Party [Rajendra MAHATO]; Sadbhavana Party-Anandi Devi [Sarita GIRI]; Samajbadi Prajatantrik Janata Party Nepal [Prem Bahadur SINGH]; Social Democratic Party [Chaitanya SUBBA]; Terai Madhes Democratic Party [Mahantha THAKUR]; Terai Madhes Democratic Party-Nepal [Mahendra YADAVI]; Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) [Pushpa Kamal DAHAL, also known as PRACHANDA] Political pressure groups and leaders: other: small armed groups along the southern border with India; a variety of groups advocating regional autonomy for individual ethnic groups International organization participation: ADB, BIMSTEC, CD, CP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNMIT, UNOCI, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Shankar Prasad SHARMA chancery: 2131 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 667-4550 FAX: [1] (202) 667-5534 consulate(s) general: New York Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Peter W. BODDE embassy: Maharajgunj, Kathmandu mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [977] (1) 400-7200 FAX: [977] (1) 400-7272.

Economy

Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the world, with with about one-quarter of its population living below the poverty line. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for three-fourths of the population and accounting for a little over one-third of GDP. Industrial activity mainly involves the processing of agricultural products, including pulses, jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain. Nepal has considerable scope for exploiting its potential in hydropower, with an estimated 42,000 MW of feasible capacity, but political instability hampers foreign investment. Additional challenges to Nepal's growth include its landlocked geographic location, civil strife and labor unrest, and its susceptibility to natural disaster. GDP (purchasing power parity): GDP (purchasing power parity): $40.49 billion (2012 est.) $38.7 billion (2011 est.) $37.25 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars GDP (official exchange rate): GDP (official exchange rate): $19.42 billion (2012 est.) GDP - real growth rate: 4.6% (2012 est.) 3.9% (2011 est.) 4.8% (2010 est.) GDP - per capita (PPP): GDP - per capita (PPP): $1,300 (2012 est.) $1,300 (2011 est.) $1,200 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 38.1% industry: 15.3% services: 46.6% (2012 est.) Labor force: 18 million note: severe lack of skilled labor (2009 est.) Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 75% industry: 7% services: 18% (2010 est.) Unemployment rate: 46% (2008 est.) 42% (2004 est.) Population below poverty line: 25.2% (2011 est.) Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.2% highest 10%: 29.5% (2011) Distribution of family income - Gini index: 32.8 (2010) 47.2 (2008 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.3% (2012 est.) 7.7% (2011 est.) Budget: revenues: $3.5 billion expenditures: $4.7 billion (FY11/12) Agriculture - products: pulses, rice, corn, wheat, sugarcane, jute, root crops; milk, water buffalo meat Industries: tourism, carpets, textiles; small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; cigarettes, cement and brick production Industrial production growth rate: 2.9% (FY11/12) Electricity - production: 3.431 billion kWh (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 127 Electricity - consumption: 5.349 billion kWh (2012 est.) Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2010 est.) Electricity - imports: 74 million kWh (2012 est.) Natural gas - production: 0 cu m (2010 est.) Natural gas - consumption: 0 cu m (2010 est.) Natural gas - exports: 0 cu m (2010 est.) Natural gas - imports: 0 cu m (2010 est.) Natural gas - proved reserves: 0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.) Current account balance: $93 million (2012 est.) $49 million (2011 est.) Exports: $1 billion (2012 est.) $998.9 million (2011 est.) Exports - commodities: clothing, pulses, carpets, textiles, juice, pashima, jute goods Exports - partners: India 57.4%, US 9.6%, Germany 5.4% (2011) Imports: $6.15 billion (2012 est.) $5.665 billion (2011 est.) Imports - commodities: petroleum products, machinery and equipment, gold, electrical goods, medicine Imports - partners: India 57%, China 25.9% (2011) Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $3.631 billion (31 December 2011 est.) $2.925 billion (2010 est.) Debt - external: $3.774 billion (31 December 2011 est.) $3.673 billion (31 December 2010 est.) Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: $NA Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: $NA Market value of publicly traded shares: $4.529 billion (31 December 2011 est.) $4.843 billion (31 December 2010) $5.485 billion (31 December 2009 est.) Exchange rates: Nepalese rupees (NPR) per US dollar - 85.16 (2012 est.) 74.02 (2011 est.) 73.16 (2010 est.) 77.44 (2009) 65.21 (2008) Fiscal year: 16 July - 15 July.
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