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рдЦेрд▓рдХुрдж рдкрджाрдзिрдХाрд░ीрдмीрдЪ рджेрдЦिрдПрдХो рдкाрдиी рдмाрд░ाрдмाрд░рдХो рд╕्рдеिрддि

рдЦेрд▓рдХुрдж рдкрджाрдзिрдХाрд░ीрдмीрдЪ рджेрдЦिрдПрдХो рдкाрдиी рдмाрд░ाрдмाрд░рдХो рд╕्рдеिрддिрд▓े рдЕрд╣िрд▓े рдЦेрд▓рдХुрдж рдЖрдХ्рд░ाрди्рдд рдмрдиेрдХो рдЫ । рдЖрдлрдиै рддाрд▓рд╕ुрд░рдоा рдЪрд▓ेрдХा рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░िрдп рдЦेрд▓рдХुрдж рдкрд░िрд╖рдж рд░ рдиेрдкाрд▓ рдУрд▓рдо्рдкिрдХ рдХрдоिрдЯीрдХो ‘рдордкाрд░्рдЗंрдд्рд╡’рд▓े рдЧрд░्рджा рдпрд╕्рддो рд╕्рдеिрддिрдХो рд╕ृрдЬрдиा рднрдПрдХो рд╣ो । рд░ाрдЦेрдк рд░ рдПрдирдУрд╕ीрдмीрдЪ рдЪिрд╕िрдПрдХो рд╕рдо्рд╡рди्рдз рдпрд╕рдХो рдХाрд░рдХрддрдд्рд╡ рдоाрдиिрдП рдкрдиि рдЦेрд▓ाрдбी, рдк्рд░рд╢िрдХ्рд╖рдХ рд░ рдЦेрд▓рдХुрджрдХा рдкрджाрдзिрдХाрд░ीрд╣рд░ुрд▓े рдпрд╕рдХो рдоाрд░ рдЦेрдк्рдиुрдкрд░्рдиे рдмाрдз्рдпрддा рднрдПрдХो рдЫ ।
рдЖрдкрд╕ी рдЫрд▓рдлрд▓ рд░ рд╕рд╣рдорддिрдХा рд╕ाрде рд╕рдорд╕्рдпाрдХो рд╕рдоाрдзाрди рдиिрдХाрд▓्рдиुрднрди्рджा рдПрдХрд▓े рдЕрд░्рдХोрд▓ाрдИ рдЖрд░ोрдк рд░ рджोрд╖ाрд░ोрдкрдг рдЧрд░्рдиुрд▓े рдпो рд╡िрд╡ाрдж рдЕрдЭ рд╡िрдХрд░ाрд▓ рдмрди्рджै рдЧрдПрдХो рдЫ । рд╕рд░्рд╡ोрдЪ्рдЪ рдЕрджाрд▓рддрдХो рдлैрд╕рд▓ाрд▓ाрдИ рдмाрд╣ाрдиा рдмрдиाрдПрд░ рд░ाрдЦेрдкрд▓े рдПрдирдУрд╕ीрд▓ाрдИ рдмрд╣िрд╖्рдХाрд░ рдЧрд░्рдиु рд░ рдПрдирдУрд╕ीрд▓े рдЕрди्рддрд░्рд░ाрд╖्рдЯ्рд░िрдп рдоाрди्рдпрддाрдХा рдЖрдзाрд░рдоा рд░ाрдЦेрдкрд▓ाрдИ рдмाрдИрдкाрд╕ рдЧрд░्рдиुрд▓े рд╕рдорд╕्рдпा рдЕँрдЭ рдмрд▓्рдЭेрд░ рдЧрдПрдХोрдЫ । рддрд╕рд░्рде рдЕрд╣िрд▓े рдЦेрд▓рдХुрджрдХा рдпी рджुрдИ рд╕ाँрдвेрдХो рднिрдбрди्рдд рдХрд╣िрд▓ेрд╕рдо्рдо рдЪрд▓्рдиे рд╣ो рдд्рдпो рдЪिрди्рддाрдХो рд╡िрд╖рдп рдмрдиेрдХो рдЫ । 
рд░ाрдЦेрдк рд░ рдПрдирдУрд╕ीрдХो рд╡िрд╡ाрджрдоा рд╡िрдЬрдп, рдкрд░ाрдЬрдпрдХो рдирддिрдЬा рдиिрд╕्рдХрдиे рд╕ंрдХेрдд рдЕрд▓िрдХрддि рдкрдиि рджेрдЦिрдПрдХो рдЫैрди । рджुрд╡ै рдкрдХ्рд╖ рдЖрдл्рдиो рдЕрдбाрдирдоा рдХाрдпрдо рд░рд╣рдиु рд░ рд╕рд░рдХाрд░рд▓े рдпो рд╡िрд╡ाрджрдХो рд╡ाрд░ेрдоा рдЦाрд╕ै рдЪाрд╕ो рдирджिрдиुрд▓े рдЪाँрдбै рдпो рд╕рдо्рд╕्рдпा рд╕рдоाрдзाрди рд╣ुрдиे рджेрдЦिрджैрди । рдЕрдЭ рдк्рд░рдзाрдирдорди्рдд्рд░ी рдмाрдмुрд░ाрдо рднрдЯ्рдЯрд░ाрдИрд▓े рдУрд▓рдо्рдкिрдХ рдХрдоिрдЯीрдХो рд╡िрд╡ाрдж рдЕрди्рддрд░ाрд╖्рдЯिрдп рднрдПрдХो рдк्рд░рд╕्рдЯ рдкाрд░ेрдкрдЫि рдд рд╕рд░рдХाрд░рдХो рджृрд╖्рдЯिрдХोрдг рдкрдиि рдк्рд░рд╕्рдЯ рднैрд╕рдХेрдХो рдЫ ।
рд╕рд░рдХाрд░рд▓े рдУрд▓рдо्рдкिрдХ рд╡िрд╡ाрджрдХो рд╕рдоाрдзाрдирдХो рд▓ाрдЧि рдЕрди्рддрд░्рд░ाрд╖्рдЯिрдп рдУрд▓рдо्рдкिрдХ рдХрдоिрдЯी (рдЖрдЗрдУрд╕ी)рд▓ाрдИ рдкрдд्рд░ाрдЪाрд░ рдЧрд░ेрдкрдиि рд░ाрдЬрдиिрддिрдХ рд╣рд╕्рддрдХ्рд╖ेрдк рд╕рд░рдХाрд░рдХा рд▓ाрдЧि рдк्рд░рдд्рдпुрдд्рдкाрджрдХ рд╣ुрдиे рдард╣рд░ рдЧрд░्рджै рдкрдЫि рд╣рдЯेрдХो рдеिрдпो । рдУрд▓рдо्рдкिрдХрдХो рд╡िрд╡ाрджрдоा рдЖрдИрдУрд╕ीрдХो рдиिрд░्рдгрдп рдиै рд╕рд░्рд╡ोрдкрд░ि рд╣ुрдиे рдХुрд░ा рд╕рд░рдХाрд░рд▓े рд░ाрдо्рд░ोрд╕ंрдЧ рдмुрдЭेрдкрдиि рд░ाрдЦेрдкрд▓े рдпрд╕рдоा рдмुрдЭрдкрдЪाрдИ рдЧрд░्рджा рдУрд▓рдо्рдкिрдХ рд╡िрд╡ाрдж рдЪुँрдИрдЧрдо рдЬрд╕рд░ी рддाрдиिрди рдЧрдПрдХो рд╣ो । рдЬрд╕्рд▓ाрдИ рдЦेрд▓рдХुрджрдХो рд╡िрдХाрд╕рд▓ाрдЧि рдХрджाрдкी рд╕рдХाрд░ाрдд्рдордХ рдХрджрдо рдоाрди्рди рд╕рдХिрджैрди ।
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рдлुрдЯрдмрд▓рдоा рд╕्рдкेрдиिрд╕ рдЬाрдЗрди्рдЯ рдмाрд░्рд╕िрд▓ोрдиा рдПрд╕ीрдоिрд▓ाрдирд╕ँрдЧ рдкрд░ाрдЬिрдд

рдЪ्рдпाрдо्рдкिрдпрди्рд╕ рд▓िрдЧ рдлुрдЯрдмрд▓рдоा рд╕्рдкेрдиिрд╕ рдЬाрдЗрди्рдЯ рдмाрд░्рд╕िрд▓ोрдиा рдПрд╕ीрдоिрд▓ाрдирд╕ँрдЧ рдкрд░ाрдЬिрдд рднрдПрдХो рдЫ । рдЕрди्рддिрдо резрем рдХो рдкрд╣िрд▓ो рд▓ेрдЧрдоा рдмाрд░्рд╕िрд▓ोрдиा рдЗрдЯाрд▓िрдпрди рдорд╣ाрд░рдеी рдПрд╕ीрдоिрд▓ाрдирд╕ँрдЧ реи–реж рдЧोрд▓ рдЕрди्рддрд░рд▓े рдкрд░ाрдЬिрдд рднрдПрдХो рд╣ो । рен рдкрдЯрдХрдХो рдЪ्рдпाрдо्рдкिрдпрди्рд╕ рд▓िрдЧ рд╡िрдЬेрддा рдПрд╕ीрдоिрд▓ाрдирдХो рд╡ाрд░्рд╕िрд▓ोрдиाрд╡िрд░ुрдж्рдз рд╕рди् реирежрежрек рдкрдЫि рдкрд╣िрд▓ो рдкрдЯрдХ рдЬिрдд рд╣ो । рдЧрдд рд╕िрдЬрди рдХ्рд╡ाрдЯрд░рдлाрдЗрдирд▓рдоा рднрдПрдХो рднेрдЯрдХो рдкрд╣िрд▓ो рд▓ेрдЧрдоा рдЧोрд▓рд░рд╣िрдд рдмрд░ाрдмрд░ी рдЦेрд▓ेрдХो рдПрд╕िрдоिрд▓ाрдирд▓े рджोрд╕्рд░ो рд▓ेрдЧрдоा рей–рез рдХो рд╣ाрд░ рд╡्рдпрд╣ोрд░ेрдХो рдеिрдпो ।
рдШрд░ेрд▓ु рдоैрджाрди рд╕ाрди рд╕िрд░ोрдоा рднрдПрдХो рдЦेрд▓рдоा рдПрд╕ीрдоिрд▓ाрдирд▓े рджुрдмै рдЧोрд▓ рджोрд╕्рд░ो рд╣ाрдкрдоा рдЧрд░ेрдХो рдеिрдпो । рдЦेрд▓рд▓ाрдИ рдЖрдл्рдиो рдиिрдпрди्рдд्рд░рдгрдоा рд░ाрдЦेрдкрдиि рдЧो рдЧрд░्рди рдирд╕рдХ्рджा рдмाрд░्рд╕िрд▓ोрдиा рд╣ाрд░ рд╡्рдпрд╣ोрд░्рди рдмाрдз्рдп рднрдпो । рдкрд╣िрд▓ो рд╣ाрдк рдЧोрд▓рд╕рд╣िрдд рдмрд░ाрдмрд░ी рдЦेрд▓ рдмाрд░्рд╕िрд▓ोрдиाрд╡िрд░ुрдж्рдз релрен рдФं рдоिрдиेрдЯрдоा рдХेрднिрди рдк्рд░िрди्рд╕ рдмोрдЯेंрдЧрд▓े рдЧोрд▓ рдЧрд░्рджै рдШрд░ेрд▓ु рдЯोрд▓ीрд▓ाрдИ рд╕ुрд░ुрд╡ाрддि рдЕрдЧ्рд░рддा рджिрд▓ाрдП ।
реорез рдФं рдоिрдиेрдЯрдоा рд╕ुрд▓े рдоुрди्рдЯाрд░ीрд▓े рдЧोрд▓ рдЧрд░ेрдкрдЫि рдШрд░ेрд▓ु рджрд░्рд╢рдХрдХो рд╕ाрде рдкाрдПрдХो рдПрд╕ीрдоिрд▓ाрдирд╡िрд░ुрдж्рдз рд▓िрдУрдирд▓ рдоेрд╕्рд╕ीрдХो рдЯोрд▓ीрдХो рдХेрд╣ी рд▓ाрдЧेрди рд░ рдирдЬिрддा реи–реж рд▓े рд╕ुрдо्рдкिрдпो । рдЕрдм рдХ्рд╡ाрдЯрд░рдлाрдЗрдирд▓рдоा рд╕्рдеाрди рдмрдиाрдЙрди рдмाрд░्рд╕िрд▓ोрдиाрд▓े рдоाрд░्рдЪ резреи рдоा рд╣ुрдиे рдЦेрд▓рдоा рдлрд░ाрдХिрд▓ो рдЬिрдд рд╣ाрдд рдкाрд░्рдиु рдкрд░्рдиे рд╣ुрди्рдЫ । рдЕрд░्рдХो рдЦेрд▓рдоा рд╕ाрд▓्рдХे рд░ рдЧाрд▓ाрддाрд╕ाрд░ेрд▓े рез–рез рдХो рдмрд░ाрдмрд░ी рдЦेрд▓ेрдХा рдЫрди् ।
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рдиेрд╣рд░ूрдХрдкрдоा рдиेрдкाрд▓ рдЕрди्рддिрдо рд▓िрдЧ рдЦेрд▓рдоा рдмिрд╣ीрдмाрд░ рд╕िрд░िрдпाрдж्рд╡ाрд░ा рдкрд░ाрдЬिрдд

рдХाрдардоाрдбौं, резрел рднрджौ । рдоाрд▓्рджिрдн्рд╕рд╡िрд░ुрдж्рдз рез–реи рд▓े рдкрд░ाрдЬिрдд рд╣ुँрджै рднाрд░рддीрдп рд░ाрдЬрдзाрдиी рдирдпाँрджिрд▓्рд▓ीрдоा рдЬाрд░ी рдиेрд╣рд░ूрдХрдк рдлुрдЯрдмрд▓ рдк्рд░рддिрдпोрдЧिрддाрдоा рдЖрдл्рдиो рдпाрдд्рд░ा рд╕ुрд░ु рдЧрд░ेрдХो рдиेрдкाрд▓ рдЕрди्рддिрдо рд▓िрдЧ рдЦेрд▓рдоा рдмिрд╣ीрдмाрд░ рд╕िрд░िрдпाрдж्рд╡ाрд░ा реи–реж рд▓े рдкрд░ाрдЬिрдд рднрдПрдХो рдЫ ।рдЖрдл्рдиो рджोрд╕्рд░ो рдЦेрд▓рдоा рдХ्рдпाрдорд░ुрдирд╡िрд░ुрдж्рдз реж–рел рдХो рдаूрд▓ो рдЕрди्рддрд░рд▓े рдкрд░ाрдЬिрдд рднрдП рдкрдиि рдиेрдкाрд▓ рддेрд╕्рд░ो рдЦेрд▓рдоा рднрдиे ‘рд╕्рдкिрд░िрдЯेрдб’ рдк्рд░рджрд░्рд╢рди рдЧрд░्рджै рдЖрдпोрдЬрдХ рднाрд░рддрд╡िрд░ुрдж्рдз рдЧोрд▓рд░рд╣िрдд рдмрд░ाрдмрд░ीрдоा рд░рд╣рди рд╕рдлрд▓ рд░рд╣ेрдХो рдеिрдпो ।рдк्рд░рддिрдпोрдЧिрддाрдХै рдХрдордЬोрд░ рдЯोрд▓ीрдХो ‘рдЯрдпाрдЧ’ рдкाрдПрдХो рдиेрдкाрд▓ рдпрд╕рдмीрдЪрдоा рд╕рдмै рдкрдХ्рд╖рдоा рдХрдордЬोрд░ рджेрдЦिрдпो । рдпрд╣ी рдк्рд░рд╡ृрдд्рддि рд╕िрд░िрдпाрд╡िрд░ुрдж्рдзрдХो рдЦेрд▓рдоा рдкрдиि рдХाрдпрдо рд░рд╣рдпो । рдЕрди्рддिрдо рдЦेрд▓рдоा рд╣ाрд░ рд╡्рдпрд╣ोрд░्рдиे рдХ्рд░рдордоा рдиेрдкाрд▓рд▓े рдХрдордЬोрд░ рд░рдХ्рд╖ाрдкंрдХ्рддिрдХा...

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рд▓рдг्рдбрди рдУрд▓рдо्рдкिрдХ рдЖрдЬ рдмाрдЯ рд╕рдоाрдк्рдд рд╣ुँрджै, рдЕрдоेрд░िрдХा рд╢ीрд░्рд╖рд╕्рдеाрдирдоा

рд╕ाрдЙрди реирео, рд▓рдг्рдбрди рдУрд▓рдо्рдкिрдХ рдЖрдЬ рд╕рдХिंрджैрдЫ । рдУрд▓рдо्рдкिрдХрдХो резрел рдФं рджिрди рд╕рдо्рдо рдкрджрдХ рддाрд▓िрдХाрдоा рдЕрдоेрд░िрдХाрд▓े рдЕрдЧ्рд░рддा рдХाрдпрдо рдЧрд░ेрдХो рдЫ । рекрек рд╕्рд╡рд░्рдг, реиреп рд░рдЬрдд рд░ реиреп рдХाрд╕्рдп рд╕рд╣िрдд рдХुрд▓ рез рд╕рдп реи рдкрджрдХрдХा рд╕ाрде рдЕрдоेрд░िрдХा рд╢ीрд░्рд╖рд╕्рдеाрдирдоा рдЫ । рджोрд╢्рд░ो рд╕्рдеाрдирдоा рд░рд╣ेрдХो рдЪीрдирдХो рейрео рд╕्рд╡рд░्рдг, реирен рд░рдЬрдд рд░ реиреи рдХाрд╕्рдп рд╕рд╣िрдд реорен рдкрджрдХ рдЫ । рджुрдИ рджिрди рдпрддा рдЪीрдирд▓े рез рд╕्рд╡рд░्рдг рд╕рд╣िрдд рен рдкрджрдХ рдоाрдд्рд░ै рд╣ाрдд рдкा¥рдпो । рдпрд╕्рддै реирео рд╕्рд╡рд░्рдг, резрел рд░рдЬрдд рд░ резреп рдХाрд╕्рдп рд╕рд╣िрдд рдмेрд▓ाрдпрдд рддेрд╢्рд░ो рд╕्рдеाрдирдоा рдЫ । рдУрд▓рдо्рдкिрдХрдХो резрелрдФं рджिрди рдХिрд░्рддिрдоाрдиी рдзाрд╡рдХ рдЙрд╕ेрди рдмोрд▓्рдЯрд▓े рдЪाрд▓ु рд▓рдг्рдбрди рдУрд▓рдо्рдкिрдХрдоा рддेрд╢्рд░ो рд╕्рд╡рд░्рдг рдЬिрддे । рдмोрд▓्рдЯ рд░ рдЙрдирдХो рдЬрдоैрдХрди рдЯिрдорд▓े рек рдЧुрдгा рез рд╕рдп рдоिрдЯрд░ рд░िрд▓े рджौрдбрдоा рейрем.реорек рд╕ेрдХेрди्рдбрдХो рдирдпाँ рд╡िрд╢्рд╡...

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Background

In 1951, the Nepali monarch ended the century-old system of rule by hereditary premiers and instituted a cabinet system of government. Reforms in 1990 established a multiparty democracy within the framework of a constitutional monarchy. An insurgency led by Maoist extremists broke out in 1996. The ensuing 10-year civil war between insurgents and government forces witnessed the dissolution of the cabinet and parliament and assumption of absolute power by the king. Several weeks of mass protests in April 2006 were followed by several months of peace negotiations between the Maoists and government officials, and culminated in a November 2006 peace accord and the promulgation of an interim constitution. Following a nationwide election in April 2008, the newly formed Constituent Assembly (CA) declared Nepal a federal democratic republic and abolished the monarchy at its first meeting the following month. The CA elected the country's first president in July. Between 2008 and 2011 there have been four different coalition governments, led twice by the United Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist, which received a plurality of votes in the Constituent Assembly election, and twice by the Communist Party of Nepal-United Marxist-Leninist. In August 2011, Baburam BHATTARAI of the United Communist Party of Nepal (Maoaist) became prime minister. After the CA failed to draft a constitution by the May 2012 deadline, BHATTARAI dissolved the CA and called for new elections. Months of negotiations failed to produce a new election date. Finally, in March of 2013, the chief justice of Nepal's Supreme Court, Khil Raj REGMI, was sworn in as Chairman of the Interim Council of Ministers for Elections to lead an interim government and charged with holding Constituent Assembly elections by December 2013.

Geography

Landlocked; strategic location between China and India; contains eight of world's 10 highest peaks, including Mount Everest and Kanchenjunga - the world's tallest and third tallest - on the borders with China and India respectively Location: Southern Asia, between China and India Geographic coordinates: 28 00 N, 84 00 E Area: total: 147,181 sq km land: 143,351 sq km water: 3,830 sq km Size comparison: slightly larger than Arkansas Land Boundaries: total: 2,926 km border countries: China 1,236 km, India 1,690 km Coastline: 0 km (landlocked) Maritime claims: none (landlocked) Climate: varies from cool summers and severe winters in north to subtropical summers and mild winters in south Terrain: Tarai or flat river plain of the Ganges in south, central hill region, rugged Himalayas in north Elevation extremes: lowest point: Kanchan Kalan 70 m highest point: Mount Everest 8,850 m (highest point in Asia) Natural resources: quartz, water, timber, hydropower, scenic beauty, small deposits of lignite, copper, cobalt, iron ore Land use: arable land: 16.07% permanent crops: 0.85% other: 83.08% (2005) Irrigated land: 11,680 sq km (2003) Natural hazards: severe thunderstorms; flooding; landslides; drought and famine depending on the timing, intensity, and duration of the summer monsoons Current Environment Issues: deforestation (overuse of wood for fuel and lack of alternatives); contaminated water (with human and animal wastes, agricultural runoff, and industrial effluents); wildlife conservation; vehicular emissions International Environment Agreements: party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Marine Life Conservation.

People

Population: 30,430,267 (July 2013 est.) Age structure: 0-14 years: 32.6% (male 5,045,989/female 4,859,274) 15-24 years: 22.6% (male 3,444,428/female 3,431,127) 25-54 years: 34.9% (male 5,015,145/female 5,593,248) 55-64 years: 5.5% (male 820,014/female 860,439) 65 years and over: 4.5% (male 630,853/female 729,750) (2013 est.) population pyramid: Median age: total: 22.1 years male: 21.2 years female: 22.9 years (2012 est.) Population growth rate: 1.768% (2012 est.) Birth rate: 21.85 births/1,000 population (2012 est.) Death rate: 6.75 deaths/1,000 population (July 2012 est.) Net migration rate: 2.58 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2012 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.04 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.87 male(s)/female total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2011 est.) Infant mortality rate: total: 43.13 deaths/1,000 live births male: 43.15 deaths/1,000 live births female: 43.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2012 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 66.51 years male: 65.26 years female: 67.82 years (2012 est.) Total fertility rate: 2.36 children born/woman (2013 est.) HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.4% (2009 est.) HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS: 64,000 (2009 est.) HIV/AIDS - deaths: 4,700 (2009 est.) Nationality: noun: Nepali (singular and plural) adjective: Nepali Ethnic groups: Chhettri 15.5%, Brahman-Hill 12.5%, Magar 7%, Tharu 6.6%, Tamang 5.5%, Newar 5.4%, Muslim 4.2%, Kami 3.9%, Yadav 3.9%, other 32.7%, unspecified 2.8% (2001 census) Religions: Hindu 80.6%, Buddhist 10.7%, Muslim 4.2%, Kirant 3.6%, other 0.9% (2001 census) Languages: Nepali (official) 47.8%, Maithali 12.1%, Bhojpuri 7.4%, Tharu (Dagaura/Rana) 5.8%, Tamang 5.1%, Newar 3.6%, Magar 3.3%, Awadhi 2.4%, other 10%, unspecified 2.5% (2001 census) note: many in government and business also speak English (2001 est.) Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 60.3% male: 73% female: 48.3% (2010 census).

Government

Country name: conventional long form: Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal conventional short form: Nepal local long form: Sanghiya Loktantrik Ganatantra Nepal local short form: Nepal Government type: federal democratic republic Capital: name: Kathmandu geographic coordinates: 27 43 N, 85 19 E time difference: UTC+5.75 (10.75 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) Administrative divisions: 14 zones (anchal, singular and plural); Bagmati, Bheri, Dhawalagiri, Gandaki, Janakpur, Karnali, Kosi, Lumbini, Mahakali, Mechi, Narayani, Rapti, Sagarmatha, Seti Independence: 1768 (unified by Prithvi Narayan SHAH) National holiday: Republic Day, 29 May Constitution: 15 January 2007 (interim Constitution); note - in April 2008, the Constituent Assembly (CA) was elected as an interim parliament to draft and promulgate a new constitution by May 2010; the deadline was extended four times, mostly recently until May 2012 when the CA was dissolved without completing a new constitution Legal system: English common law and Hindu legal concepts Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: chief of state: President Ram Baran YADAV (since 23 July 2008); Vice President Paramananda JHA (since 23 July 2008) head of government: note: on 14 March 2013, the chief justice of Nepal's Supreme Court, Khil Raj REGMI, was sworn in as Chairman of the Interim Council of Ministers for Elections to lead an interim government and charged with holding Constituent Assembly elections by December 2013 cabinet: cabinet was formed in August-September 2011 by a majority coalition made up of the United Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist, Madhesi People's Rights Forum-Democratic, Madhesi People's Rights Forum-Republic, Madhesi People's Rights Forum-Nepal, Terai-Madhes Democratic Party, and several smaller parties (For more information visit the World Leaders website ) elections: president elected by Parliament; term extends until the new constitution is promulgated; president elected on 21 July 2008; date of next election NA election results: Ram Baran YADAV elected president by the Constituent Assembly in a second round of voting on 21 July 2008; Ram Baran YADAV 308, Ram Jaja Prasad SINGH 282 Legislative branch: note: in May 2012 Prime Minister Baburam BHATTARAI dissolved the previous unicameral Constituent Assembly unicameral Constituent Assembly (601 seats; 240 members elected by direct popular vote, 335 by proportional representation, and 26 appointed by the Cabinet (Council of Ministers) elections: last held on 10 April 2008; note - the Constituent Assembly failed to draft a new constitution by the 27 May 2012 deadline; as of early 2013, the parties were in negotiations to hold elections for a new Constituent Assembly election results: percent of vote by party - CPN-M 38%, NC 19%, CPN-UML 18%, Madhesi People's Right Forum 9%, other 11%; seats by party - CPN-M 229, NC 115, CPN-UML 108, Madhesi People's Rights Forum 54, Terai Madhes Democratic Party 21, other smaller parties 74; note - 26 seats filled by the new Cabinet are included in the totals above Judicial branch: Supreme Court or Sarbochha Adalat (the president appoints the chief justice on recommendation of the Constitutional Council; the chief justice appoints other judges on the recommendation of the Judicial Council) Political parties and leaders: Chure Bhawar Rastriya Ekata Party [Himalaya Bhakta PRADHANGA]; Communist Party of Nepal-Marxist Leninist or CPN-ML [C.P. MAINALI]; Communist Party of Nepal-Marxist Leninist Samaibadi [Jaqat Bahadur BOGATI]; Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist [Mohan BAIDYA, also known as KIRAN]; Communist Party of Nepal-Unified [Raj Singh SHRIS]; Communist Party of Nepal-United [Chandra Dev JOSHI]; Communist Party of Nepal-Unified Marxist-Leninist or CPN-UML [Jhalanath KHANAL]; Dalit Janajati Party [Vishwendraman PASHWAN]; Federal Democratic National Forum [Khagendra MAKHAIM]; Federal Democratic National Forum - Tharuhat [Rukmini CHAUDHARY]; Federal Democratic National Party [Ravindra THING]; Federal Socialist Party [Ashok RAI]; Federal Sadbhayana Party [Anil JHAL]; Janta Dal United [Biswonath Prasad AGRAWAL]; Madhesi People's Rights Forum-Democratic [Bijay Kumar GACHHADAR]; Madhesi People's Rights Forum-Nepal [Upendra YADAV]; Madhesi People's Rights Forum-Republic [Raj Kishore YADAV]; National Madhes Socialist Party [Sharat Singh BHANDARI]; Nepal Loktantrik Samajbadi Dal [Laxmi Lal CHAUDBARY]; Nepal Pariwar Dal [Eknath DHAKAL]; Nepal Workers and Peasants Party [Narayan Man BIJUKCHHE]; Nepali Congress or NC [Sushil KOIRALA]; Nepali Janata Dal [Hari Charan SAH]; Newa Rastriya Party [Keshav Man SHAKYA]; Rastriya Janamorcha [Chitra Bahadur K.C.]; Rastriya Janamukti Party [Malwar Singh THAPA]; Rastriya Janashakti Party or RJP [Surya Bahadur THAPA]; Rastriya Prajantantra Party [Pashupati Shumsher RANA]; Rastriya Prajantantra Party Nepal [Kamal THAPA]; Sadbhavana Party [Rajendra MAHATO]; Sadbhavana Party-Anandi Devi [Sarita GIRI]; Samajbadi Prajatantrik Janata Party Nepal [Prem Bahadur SINGH]; Social Democratic Party [Chaitanya SUBBA]; Terai Madhes Democratic Party [Mahantha THAKUR]; Terai Madhes Democratic Party-Nepal [Mahendra YADAVI]; Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) [Pushpa Kamal DAHAL, also known as PRACHANDA] Political pressure groups and leaders: other: small armed groups along the southern border with India; a variety of groups advocating regional autonomy for individual ethnic groups International organization participation: ADB, BIMSTEC, CD, CP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, SAARC, SACEP, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNMIT, UNOCI, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Shankar Prasad SHARMA chancery: 2131 Leroy Place NW, Washington, DC 20008 telephone: [1] (202) 667-4550 FAX: [1] (202) 667-5534 consulate(s) general: New York Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Peter W. BODDE embassy: Maharajgunj, Kathmandu mailing address: use embassy street address telephone: [977] (1) 400-7200 FAX: [977] (1) 400-7272.

Economy

Nepal is among the poorest and least developed countries in the world, with with about one-quarter of its population living below the poverty line. Agriculture is the mainstay of the economy, providing a livelihood for three-fourths of the population and accounting for a little over one-third of GDP. Industrial activity mainly involves the processing of agricultural products, including pulses, jute, sugarcane, tobacco, and grain. Nepal has considerable scope for exploiting its potential in hydropower, with an estimated 42,000 MW of feasible capacity, but political instability hampers foreign investment. Additional challenges to Nepal's growth include its landlocked geographic location, civil strife and labor unrest, and its susceptibility to natural disaster. GDP (purchasing power parity): GDP (purchasing power parity): $40.49 billion (2012 est.) $38.7 billion (2011 est.) $37.25 billion (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars GDP (official exchange rate): GDP (official exchange rate): $19.42 billion (2012 est.) GDP - real growth rate: 4.6% (2012 est.) 3.9% (2011 est.) 4.8% (2010 est.) GDP - per capita (PPP): GDP - per capita (PPP): $1,300 (2012 est.) $1,300 (2011 est.) $1,200 (2010 est.) note: data are in 2012 US dollars GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 38.1% industry: 15.3% services: 46.6% (2012 est.) Labor force: 18 million note: severe lack of skilled labor (2009 est.) Labor force - by occupation: agriculture: 75% industry: 7% services: 18% (2010 est.) Unemployment rate: 46% (2008 est.) 42% (2004 est.) Population below poverty line: 25.2% (2011 est.) Household income or consumption by percentage share: lowest 10%: 3.2% highest 10%: 29.5% (2011) Distribution of family income - Gini index: 32.8 (2010) 47.2 (2008 est.) Inflation rate (consumer prices): Inflation rate (consumer prices): 8.3% (2012 est.) 7.7% (2011 est.) Budget: revenues: $3.5 billion expenditures: $4.7 billion (FY11/12) Agriculture - products: pulses, rice, corn, wheat, sugarcane, jute, root crops; milk, water buffalo meat Industries: tourism, carpets, textiles; small rice, jute, sugar, and oilseed mills; cigarettes, cement and brick production Industrial production growth rate: 2.9% (FY11/12) Electricity - production: 3.431 billion kWh (2012 est.) country comparison to the world: 127 Electricity - consumption: 5.349 billion kWh (2012 est.) Electricity - exports: 0 kWh (2010 est.) Electricity - imports: 74 million kWh (2012 est.) Natural gas - production: 0 cu m (2010 est.) Natural gas - consumption: 0 cu m (2010 est.) Natural gas - exports: 0 cu m (2010 est.) Natural gas - imports: 0 cu m (2010 est.) Natural gas - proved reserves: 0 cu m (1 January 2012 est.) Current account balance: $93 million (2012 est.) $49 million (2011 est.) Exports: $1 billion (2012 est.) $998.9 million (2011 est.) Exports - commodities: clothing, pulses, carpets, textiles, juice, pashima, jute goods Exports - partners: India 57.4%, US 9.6%, Germany 5.4% (2011) Imports: $6.15 billion (2012 est.) $5.665 billion (2011 est.) Imports - commodities: petroleum products, machinery and equipment, gold, electrical goods, medicine Imports - partners: India 57%, China 25.9% (2011) Reserves of foreign exchange and gold: $3.631 billion (31 December 2011 est.) $2.925 billion (2010 est.) Debt - external: $3.774 billion (31 December 2011 est.) $3.673 billion (31 December 2010 est.) Stock of direct foreign investment - at home: $NA Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad: $NA Market value of publicly traded shares: $4.529 billion (31 December 2011 est.) $4.843 billion (31 December 2010) $5.485 billion (31 December 2009 est.) Exchange rates: Nepalese rupees (NPR) per US dollar - 85.16 (2012 est.) 74.02 (2011 est.) 73.16 (2010 est.) 77.44 (2009) 65.21 (2008) Fiscal year: 16 July - 15 July.
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